75
years ago the interesting and colourful history of Citroën
automobiles began. In 1934, Citroën presented their first
front-wheel drive cars and started a revolution in auto production.
André
Citroën was born in 1878. A successful student, he attended the
Polytechnical school in Paris and worked for some time with the car
company "Mors". In 1905, at the age of 27, he founded his
first company, "André Citroën & Cie", which was
changed to "Société des Engrenages Citroën" (Citroën
Cog Factory ) in 1913. Also in 1913, Citroën founded yet another
company to take advantage of a patent he had regarding carburettors.
This company was located on the Quai de Javel (today Quai André
Citroën) in Paris. Early in his career, Citroën was impressed by
the production methods of Henry Ford, who pioneered the use of the
assembly line as early as 1908 for the Ford Model T in the U.S.A.
Citroën understood that he had to analyse production methods and
that he had to divide it into single logical steps in order to
calculate the industrial production of an item mathematically.
With
the outbreak of World War I, André Citroën received a commission,
beginning in 1915, to produce 7,500 75mm grenades - good work for a
small company. Citroën was able to convince the French Ministry of
Defence that he could deliver much bigger quantities with industrial
production. The company grew rapidly and in 1918 it occupied 80,000
square metres at the Quai de Javel in Paris where, in 1914, there
were still garden allotments. 12,000 people were occupied producing
grenades. At the peak the output reached 20,000 pieces! The company
was very progressive in the social field: a cantine and a
kindergarden were present as was a dental clinic. During the war,
Citroën started thinking about the "days after". He talked
about building 1,000 automobiles a day at a price that would enable
everyone to own one of his cars.
By
1919, the first Citroën auto was produced - the Type A. Equipped
with a 4-cylinder engine of 1326 cubic cm (10-fiscal-HP) capacity, it
was capable of a top speed of 65km/h. One was able to order six
different body styles directly from the factory, this at a time where
one got the chassis and the engine from other makers and had it
completed by a coachworks of your own choice! Even the spare wheel
and the lighting were included in the price of F7,205. From June to
December 1919, Citroën produced 2,500 cars. In 1920, they had
already produced 20,200!
Also
in 1920, Citroën first tested half-track autos called
"Autochenilles" using the patents of Adolphe Kégresse. In
impassable regions they were very useful, and their reliability
helped to improve the reputation of Citroën as an automobile
manufacturer. The half-tracks were not only used by the armed forces,
in road-building and agriculture, but also by different post offices,
among them the Swiss PTT which equipped their "Autochenilles"
with skis at the front.
In
1921, the first Citroën Taxis appeared on the streets of Paris. The
big news at the Paris Motor Show in October was the 5 hp Type C, a
real car for the people with 856 cubic cm engine, 60 km/h top speed,
available as a Torpedo with two seats. The car was first available in
the summer of 1922 and was sold only in one colour: lemon yellow.The
small car was a real success. In 1924, it was presented as a
three-seater. The third seat was in the rear in the middle and the
passenger put his feet between the two front seats. This version,
named the "Trèfle" (Clover Leaf) gained a great deal of
fame. Up to March 1926, it stayed in production with only minor
changes - about 90,000 were built and quite a number still exist
today.
After
the B12 of 1925, the B14 was introduced in 1927, driven by a 1538
cubic cm engine with 22 true horsepower. It was followed by the C4 in
1929. Also in 1929, the C6 was introduced - the first six cylinder
Citroën (2442 cubic cm), and the first Citroën to reach 100 km/h.
André
Citroën was very successful in drawing the public's attention with
elaborate publicity campaigns. In 1922, airplanes wrote the name
"Citroën" in the sky over Paris; in 1925 the name
"Citroën" could have been read on the Eiffel tower:
200,000 lightbulbs
From
17 December 1922 to 7 January 1923, a Citroën expedition crossed the
Sahara desert by automobile for the first time, from Algiers to
Timbuktu, a distance of 3,200 kms, averaging 150 kms a day with 10hp
B2 half-tracks - an enormous effort for the period!
From
28 October 1924 to 26 June 1925, a further expedition, the famous
"Croisière Noire" (Black Journey) crossed the African
continent from Algeria through Kenya to the Cape of Good Hope.
On
4 April 1931, the "Croisère Jaune" (Yellow Journey)
started in Beruit. The goal was to reach Beijing with the C4 and C6
type half-tracks. In between there were deserts, glaciers, mountains,
and war zones. One C4F reached 4,208m and set a world altitude record
for cars. In the Himalayas, part of the way through, the paths were
not driveable and the cars had to be taken apart, carried through,
and rebuilt afterwards! On 12 February, 1932 the cars triumphantly
reached Beijing.
From
the beginning of 1932, the C4 and C6 were equipped with the "Floating
Power" engine which was mounted in a new way, using a Chrysler
patent. The engine was secured with rubber mounts instead of being
bolted directly to the chassis, thereby eliminating major engine
vibrations. The first cars using this new engine mounting were
recognizeable with a stylized swan in front of the Citroën double
chevrons.
By
the end of 1932, the types "8", "10", and "15"
followed, called "Rosalie" after a Citroën "Rosalie
8" which covered 300,000 km in 134 days with an average of more
than 93 km/h and breaking not less that 106 world records! More runs
of the same kind followed and proved the reliability of the small
Citroën.
André
Citroën advertised his products not just to adults. Soon he produced
toy cars to capture the attention of children - his future customers.
The first words he wanted them to be able to speak were: "Mama,
Papa, Citroën".
The
first clouds on the Citroën horizon appeared after the Wall Street
crash of October 1929 and the ensuing world crisis. In 1933, at the
peak of the crisis, Citroën rebuilt the factories at the Quai de
Javel completely, in order to have sufficient capacity to produce his
impending new model. Enormous halls were built. 6,000 guests were
invited to the grand opening.
The
rebuild was a big challenge for the company. In April 1933, t here
was a strike which served to amplify the difficulties. The cars
didn't sell well abroad because of the exchange rates and the
restrictions certain countries introduced against foreign products.
By the end of 1933, Citroën had so many debts, that the Michelin
company had to be called for financial help.
Within
a short period the Traction Avant Type "7" was developed -
a car that was radically different in all respects to other cars of
the time: self-supporting uni-body, front-wheel drive, torsion bar
suspension, to mention only the most important features. The first
plans even called for an automatic two-speed transmission - a feature
that had to be dropped. The most significant feature was that the car
was about 20 cm lower than its predecessors and contemporaries - with
equal or even more interior space. Thanks to the low center of
gravity and front-wheel drive, the Traction Avant has superb
road-holding.
In
April 1934, production started - at the beginning with 1303 cubic cm
and 32 hp (good enough for 95 km/h) but lots of small problems. In
the same year, much better versions with 1529 cubic cm and 1911 cubic
cm (7S for Sport - top speed 110 km/h) were presented. The car was
then called the "11CV" and made the name "Traction
Avant" known world-wide. With only small changes it stayed in
production until 1957.
The
following body styles were offered by the Citroën factory:
Shorter
wheel base called the "Légère": Berline, Cabriolet, and
Faux-Cabriolet (Coupé)
12cm
wider and medium (20 cm longer) wheelbase, called "Large":
Berline, Cabriolet, and Faux-Cabriolet
Same
size but even longer (a further 20cm) wheelbase: the Familiale and
Conduite Intérieure.
In
1934, about twelve of the famous 8-cylinder prototypes with
front-wheel drive were built - the "22CV". Three of them
were presented to the public on the occasion of the Paris Auto Show.
They never saw series production and none of them are known to exist
today.
During
the same car show, Citroën showed a publicity film in which you can
see a new Traction Avant being pushed over the edge of a 8 m high
cliff. It lands on its nose, is thrown back, lands on its nose again,
and sits on its four wheels after rolling. Only one window is broken,
all doors open and close. The car drives off by its own means!
By
this time all weaknesses in the 4-cylinder model were eliminated, but
for André Citroën it was too late. By 21 December 1934, the company
went into bankruptcy. André Citroën died as a poor broken man on 3
July 1935.
Under
Michelin the company developed further. At the beginning of 1939, the
11CV Commerciale on the long wheelbase was presented. More
importantly, the Traction Avant 15/Six was introduced with a top
speed of 130 km/h and its legendary driving abilities. Its 2867 cubic
cm 6-cylinder with 77 hp gave the "Reine de la Route"
(Queen of the Road) abilities that are still quite modern today. As
the underworld also liked this special fast car, it was soon known as
the "gangster limousine". The police with the 4-cylinder
models had great difficulties following their "enemies".
During
WWII the production practically stopped. The available cars were used
by the German occupying forces and by the French Résistance. After
the war the pre-war models were produced again, but only a limited
range was offered. The cars were still liked by business people,
doctors, and rich farmers. In the years following WWII, most of the
Tractions were delivered in black and that's how most people remember
them.
Unfortunately
the Cabriolets and Coupés were not built any more after the war.
Only some coach builders are producing small series or single items
of the open cars. In Switzerland these are famous companies like
"Langenthal", "Worblaufen" and "Beutler".
During
the Paris Car Show of 1948 the 2CV was introduced. Smiled at by all,
this comfortable small car of 375 cubic cm started a long life around
the world.
Nevertheless
it took up to 25 July 1957 until the last of the famous Tractions, an
11CV Familiale, rolled off the production line.
Today,
the owners and friends of the Traction Avant are united in classic
car clubs all over the world. Spare parts are reproduced, meetings
are held. In Switzerland there must be about 1000 of the varying
Traction Avant versions left.
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